Abstract: Hot electrons can be injected into aqueous electrolyte solution from tunnel emission electrodes which are composed of a conductor coated with a thin insulating film. Conductors can be e.g. metals, or strongly doped semiconductors [1, 2]. Insulating film should be fabricated from an insulator material with a band gap of ca. 5 eV or preferably higher, and the Fermi level of the insulator should be somewhere in the mid band gap region. The hot electrons are emitted to aqueous electrolyte solution by direct field-assisted tunneling [2, 3]. After injection into the conduction band of water the hot electrons are thermalized and solvated to form hydrated electrons which finally act as reducing mediators in the Hot Electron-induced Electrochemiluminescence (HECL) systems. HECL is utilized mainly in immunoanalysis and in DNA-probe assays in which electrochemiluminescent labels are utilized [ 3 -5crp, 2, tsh]. Best labels are aromatic lanthanide chelates which allow time-resolved HECL detection

• Publication Date: 29-Dec-2015
• DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-084-2-90
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Abstract: Majority of past studies on managerial risk-taking have examined the determinants of risk-taking from the agency perspective. However, a substantial body of evidence has shown that Expected Utility Theory (EUT) provides inadequate description for decision-making under risky prospects. This study proposes an empirical framework for investigating managerial incentives to undertake risky environmental projects. Such incentives are assumed to follow the fourfold pattern of risk-attitude as implied by Cumulative Prospect Theory (CPT) – risk-taking is higher over low-probability reference gains or high-probability reference losses, and is lower over high-probability reference gains or low-probability reference losses. Reference gains and losses are respectively defined as positive and negative deviations from peers’ performance

• Publication Date: 29-Dec-2015
• DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-084-2-89
• Views: 0
• Downloads: 0