Abstract: Commercial and residential buildings are usually constructed of steel or reinforced concrete frames with unreinforced masonry infill panels. Many codes of practice ignore the stiffness during design process for ease of design. Many designer engineers also do not know how to incorporate this additional stiffness from the unreinforced masonry infill panels into the design process. This leads to an incorrect assessment of the building’s robustness when subjected to lateral loading and especially when subjected to seismic ground motion. The natural frequencies, corresponding mode shapes and the strength of the building is therefore incorrectly assessed leading to an overdesign. When these buildings are modelled using Finite Element Analysis, it is imperative that the strength of the unreinforced masonry infill panels are correctly accounted for, to prevent over strengthening the columns to yield the same experimental test results. The paper therefore focuses on describing the possible fail

• Publication Date: 11-Dec-2015
• DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-079-8-58
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Abstract: Nanotechnology has been gradually penetrated into the field of asphalt modification. Seemingly magic effects of nanomaterial have been brought to improve the performance of asphalt. To demonstrate many of the prospective applications, researchers have conducted a series of positive and effective efforts dealing with the preparation of modified asphalt to demonstrate the mechanism of modification and the resultant improvement in performance. In this review, various nanomaterial used in asphalt modification are initially presented, followed by the methods employed to modify the asphalt with these materials and finally the effects of nanomaterial on the performance of base asphalt are presented and the modification mechanisms are discussed. Based on the current research results, the influence of preparation process parameters on the compatibility of every phase in the modified asphalt and the stability of the modified asphalt system are described. Finally, the development trend of the top

• Publication Date: 11-Dec-2015
• DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-079-8-59
• Views: 0
• Downloads: 0