Abstract: In Finite Element Analysis, unlike the classical beam theory, when a beam is modeled using Q4 (Bilinear Quadratic) plane element, the bending moment appears to be less than that of the exact one, i.e. the normal stresses are less than their exact values. The difference between the results of the bending moment indicates that the beam is more stiffened. This problem is defined as shear locking. It is related to the linear representation of the displacement field of that plane element. There are several methods to eliminate the shear locking effect either by increasing the mesh size of the elements, using elements with more nodes, or using numerical integration to integrate the stiffness matrix. Each of the mentioned methods are applied on a cantilever beam modeled using MATLAB.

• Publication Date: 11-Oct-2015
• DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-065-1-34
• Views: 0
• Downloads: 0

Abstract: Unexpected earthquake incidents and development of high speed railways in Malaysia have drawn increasing attention of studies on soil dynamic behaviours. This paper provides an overview of the factors affecting dynamic properties of soil, i.e. damping ratio and shear modulus. Confining pressure and frequency of cyclic loading are the main extrinsic factors affecting the dynamic properties of soil, while soil plasticity and percentage of fines are identified as the main intrinsic factors of soil influencing its dynamic behaviours. It is found that previous studies of soil dynamic properties mainly focus on sandy and clayey soils. Studies of dynamic properties for tropical residual soil that consists of predominantly silty materials are still very limited.

• Publication Date: 11-Oct-2015
• DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-065-1-35
• Views: 0
• Downloads: 0