Abstract: With the emerging innovations in wireless communication networks, it is anticipated that fourth generation (4G) mobile systems will be launched within a decade or before. 4G mobile systems focus on seamlessly integrating the existing wireless technologies including WCDMA, HSUPA/HSDPA, 1xEVDO, Wireless LANs, and Bluetooth. 4G systems aspire to support comprehensive and personalized services, providing stable system performance and quality services. However, with everchanging specifications and standards, developing a prototype that provides the 4G system’s capabilities requires a flexible process. Besides, migrating current systems to 4G present’s enormous challenges. This paper is an attempt to give a brief description of fundamentals like dangers, challenges of 4G and about the visions that the network operators and service providers see for the evolution of 4G mobile systems. The paper endeavors to make an evaluation on development, transition and roadmap for fourth generation mobile

• Publication Date: 03-Jun-2011
• DOI: 10.15224/978-981-07-1847-3-1027
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Abstract: The present system of energy billing is error prone and also time and labor consuming. Errors get introduced at every stage of energy billing like errors with electro-mechanical meters, human errors while noting down the meter reading, and errors while processing the paid bills and the due bills. There are many cases where the bill is paid and then is shown as a due amount in the next bill. There is no proper way to know the consumer’s maximum demand, and usage details. The major drawback of a post paid system is that there is no control of usage from the consumer’s side. There is a lot of wastage of power due to the consumer’s lack of planning of electrical consumption in an efficient way. Since the supply of power is limited, as a responsible citizen, there is a need to utilize electricity in a better and efficient way. The distribution company has to receive huge amounts in the form of pending bills, which results in substantial revenue losses.

• Publication Date: 03-Jun-2011
• DOI: 10.15224/978-981-07-1847-3-1027
• Views: 0
• Downloads: 0