Abstract: The imposing of sanction regime on Iraq by the Security Council was unique in the history of the United Nation. All sanction resolutions adopted by the Security Council since the establishment of United Nation Organization, had exempted food, medicine and humanitarian commodities from sanction regime except in Iraqi case where total blockade was imposed. All commodities including food and medicine were prevented from entering into Iraqi territories. Consequently, all exported commodities which are basically oil and oil product, and which generates 95% of total foreign currency were prohibited. Around $150 billion of the oil revenue meant for the Iraqi people were deprived during the sanction. Thus, international trade was affected by this value. Food Ration System which was adopted science the beginning of imposing sanction in 6th of August 1990 proved successful in saving Iraqi people from famine. High death rate and malnutrition prevailed during thirteen years of sever sanction due t

• Publication Date: 11-Oct-2015
• DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-067-5-66
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Abstract: Through a systematic review of existing theories and models, various constructs and elements were identified and used to develop a conceptual framework which was quantitatively tested on a convenience sample of students (n=300) at Sunway University in Malaysia. Based on the results, a measurement scale was developed and analysed through structural equation modelling and confirmatory factor analysis. The results of the study emphasized the importance to proactively manage knowledge creation and sharing in online networks to enhance the learning experience and identity formation of students.

• Publication Date: 11-Oct-2015
• DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-067-5-67
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