Abstract: This study is based on a head-cylinder provided by a French car manufacturer, which comes from a 4-cylinder 4-stroke spark-ignition engine. This head-cylinder adopts a Double-Over-Head-Camshaft (DOHC) with 16 valves, also two per cylinder. The purpose of this paper is to propose a characterization method of the air behaviour inside both the intake conduct of a head-cylinder and the cylinder. The cylinder stroke is known (from the cylinder capacity of the engine) as well as the valve dimensions (by measurements) but none internal dimensions of the conduct. The proposal method follows three main steps: firstly, internal features are extracted separately by moulding with a silicon-calcium mixture, to realize the geometrical limits of the air. This step concerns only the conduct and the combustion chamber of the head-cylinder. Secondly, the two features and one of the two valves are digitized with a Faro® laser arm to compose cloud points of their shapes. Surfaces can be then reconstituted

• Publication Date: 02-Jul-2017
• DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-129-0-45
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Abstract: This study investigates the probability in an inhomogeneous multiple state with three states of the Markovian processes in random transitions method and the human mortality database (HMD) among older male and female aged 65 to 89 for 2009 to 2016. This approach reflects transition rate of disability-dead state in the old males high than in the old females which except for 80-84 and 85-89-year-old males groups. Transition rate of health-disability in the old females high than in the old males. For transition rate of health-dead or disability-dead, the female's transition rate is less than that of the male. This empirical findings also provide one of reference of public long-term care programming or long-term care insurance pricing.

• Publication Date: 02-Jul-2017
• DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-128-3-38
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