Abstract: This paper reflects on the low social status of Japan‟s leatherworkers, whose position in the social hierarchy has for centuries been that of untouchables or Burakumin (outcastes) and who were sometimes called by the most derogatory of Japanese terms, „eta,’ which means „filth.‟ There are three economic and historical roots to this enduring social stigma, two of them having to do with the demand of the military for leather armor, saddlery and other gear. First, in the 16th century, a truce between warring clans, achieved by the Tokugawa shogunate, brought with it a decrease in the demand for leather armor and other military trappings, thereby undermining the economic base of buraku communities; (2) at the same time, weak Japanese guilds left leather workers in servitude to leather merchants and the state, ultimately forcing them to accept their social status as untouchable pollutants and (3) the Meiji restoration in the late 19th century included a modernized military that required cop

• Publication Date: 03-Aug-2014
• DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-007-1-118
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Abstract: This paper covers application of an elitist self-adaptive step-size search (ESASS) to optimum design of steel frame structures. In the ESASS two approaches are considered for improving the convergence accuracy as well as the computational efficiency of the original technique namely the so called self-adaptive step-size search (SASS). Firstly, an additional randomness is incorporated into the sampling step of the technique to preserve exploration capability of the algorithm during the optimization. Moreover, an adaptive sampling scheme is introduced to improve the quality of final solutions. Secondly, computational efficiency of the technique is accelerated via avoiding unnecessary analyses during the optimization process using an upper bound strategy. The numerical results demonstrate the usefulness of the ESASS in the sizing optimization problems of steel frame structure

• Publication Date: 03-Aug-2014
• DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-006-4-60
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