67 Articles Published

1. FLEXURAL STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF THE PROFILED STEEL SHEETING HALF BOARD FLOOR SYSTEM WITH GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE INFILLMOHD ISA JAFFAR

Authors: MOHD ISA JAFFAR , SHAHRIZAN BAHAROM , WAN HAMIDON WAN BADARUZZAMAN

Abstract: Profiled steel sheeting dry board (PSSDB) system is a structure that is composed of a profiled steel sheeting connected to a dry board by self-drilling and self-tapping screws. System failure in PSSDB has been traced to profiled steel sheeting, particularly on the top flange, which local buckling with compressive stress when load is applied. Previous research has only focused on infill, such as normal concrete, to study its fire resistance, floor frequency with regard to users, and membrane action. The application of infill other than normal concrete and the changes in the size of the board have not been discussed in studies on PSSDB. The current research aims to investigate the flexural behavior of the PSSDB full and half board panels with normal and geopolymer concrete infill under a simply supported. A model using finite element modeling is developed and its accuracy is verified against the results of laboratory experiments.

Keywords: geopolymer concrete, local buckling, full board, half board, simply supported

Pages: 1 - 5 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-01

2. FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF BUILDINGS’ DESIGN IN SAUDI ARABIA USING BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING

Authors: ABDULLAH M. ALSUGAIR , IBRAHIM A. AL-SULAIHI , KHALID S. AL-GAHTANI

Abstract: Building information modeling (BIM) and green building are currently two major trends in construction industry. This study aims to develop a sustainability assessment framework for buildings’ design in Saudi Arabia using BIM technology in extracting data needed for determining the level of sustainability from the digital building model. The sustainability-BIM framework helps designers in accommodating sustainability goals and making more informed decisions at the early design stage. The framework can be used also to improve the sustainability of existing buildings through sustainability assessment and adopting modifications and improvements to achieve more sustainable building. The first phase of this study has been devoted to develop a national rating system for sustainability assessment through identifying the evaluation criteria and their measurement methods and relative weights. The next phase of study includes interpreting the rating system requirements and identifying the BIM fun

Keywords: sustainability, BIM, rating system, building, Saudi Arabia

Pages: 6 - 10 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-02

3. ENTROPY GENERATION ANALYSIS IN TRANSITION CHANNELS

Authors: HASAN GUL

Abstract: Entropy generation of fully developed turbulent flow in a transition duct is investigation in this study. Air was used to study as working flow on entropy generation, flow passing from a rectangular to square channel in turbulent flow conditions, experimentally. Entropy generation was increased according to the equivalent conical angle of the transition duct. The lateral side angle of the duct was varied to investigate its effect on the entropy generation.

Keywords: Channel, Entropy generation, Turbulent flow

Pages: 11 - 15 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-03

4. STABILIZATION OF INTEGRATED SPONGE IRON PLANT WASTE DUMP THROUGH ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION APPROACH- A FIELD STUDY

Authors: D. MAITI , M. L. SAHU , P. S. RANA , S. K. MAITI

Abstract: The dump material consists of fly ash- slag- dolochar, accretion, drain dust which is highly alkaline, very loose and powdery, causing massive pollution to the surrounding. The run-off water was totally black, nearby vegetation was fully dust coated and always there was cloud of dust moving along the wind direction. The dump height was 35-40 m (in some places even 60 m), with steep slope (>70-80o), no space was available for regrading/terracing so that dump slope could be reduced. The total area of waste dump was 14 ha, which has to be ecologically restored. During technical restoration, 75-100 cm thick topsoil was spread and blanked with high tensile strength coir-mat. Once slope was blanketed with topsoil and coir-mat, grass-legume seed mixture was sown. Seed mixture was consist of both annual and perennial fast growing legumes, grasses and high biomass yielding annual shrubs. About 3o slope was given in the top of the dump to collect run-off, and developed community park and fruit o

Keywords: Topsoil; coir mat; grass legume seeds; cost of ecorestoration.

Pages: 21 - 25 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-05

5. COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS PREDICTION OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY

Authors: CATALIN TEODOSIU\ , RALUCA TEODOSIU , VIOREL ILIE

Abstract: Accurate estimation of indoor air quality in enclosures is of major importance for achieving healthy indoor environment conditions. The CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) approach is currently one of the most used methodology in order to improve the indoor air quality in ventilated environments. As a result, the objective of this study is to evaluate the behavior of CFD simulations for the prediction of indoor air quality in a ventilated test room. The numerical model is based on convection – diffusion equations (to determine the mass fraction of the pollutant), added to the equations used to solve confined turbulent air flows. The computed values are compared with detailed experimental data from the literature, based on tracer gas technique to assess the diffusion of pollutants in a full scale test cell.

Keywords: indoor air quality, CFD modeling, ventilation

Pages: 26 - 30 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-06

6. VALUE ENGINEERING IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN OMAN

Authors: IBRAHIM A. AL BALUSHI , ALI S. ALNUAIMI , USMAN FATHONI

Abstract: The main objective of this research was to measure the level of awareness and application of Value Engineering (VE) in construction industry in Oman. Data obtained from 64 respondents representing the public and private construction sectors was analyzed. The findings indicated that VE is recognized in construction industry in Oman and there is a sign that some organizations are applying VE in their projects, but there is confusion in understanding its process and application with the cost saving tasks. 42 per cent of the respondents rated VE as limited to some special projects and 40 per cent stated that the application of VE is low. 89 per cent of the respondents assumed that implementation of VE in construction projects will benefit the construction industry and minimize time and cost overruns, improve values, and meet requirements. The main factors retarding the application of VE in construction projects were found to be lack of knowledge, guidelines and non-availability of dedicate

Keywords: value engineering, construction management, Oman, construction

Pages: 31 - 35 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-07

7. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PET POLYMER RESIN FOR YOUR APPLICATION IN CONCRETE

Authors: ANDRES CASTRO-BELTRAN , F. GUADALUPE CABRERA-COVARRUBIAS , J. LUIS ALMARAL-SANCHEZ , RAMON CORRAL-HIGUERA , S. PAOLA ARREDONDO-REA

Abstract: Due to the problem that represents the accelerated production of waste from the consumption of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), it becomes necessary to look for alternative solutions; chemical recycling is a suitable method for conversion into a material with potential application in concrete additive, such as are unsaturated polyester resins; with the above improvements, and conservation of non-renewable raw materials can reduce the environmental impact. This investigation was focused on obtaining the synthesis of a polymeric resin by the method of glycolysis, and their characterization by Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR); the results show that the recycled materials (PET and its processing) are similar to reagents made from primary materials so that it is considered feasible to use in the intended application.

Keywords: concrete admixtures, glycolysis, polymeric resins, polyethylene terephthalate.

Pages: 42 - 46 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-09

8. BEHAVIOR OF SELECTED MARTENSITIC STEELS IN SUPERCRITICAL WATER

Authors: JAN MACAK , MARKETA KRYKOVA , MONIKA SIPOVA , TOMAS POPELA , ZUZANA SKOUMALOVA

Abstract: In order to increase the effectiveness of fossil-fueled power plants the parameters of the cooling medium are increased nowadays up to 600 °C and 25 MPa (supercritical water). Currently even higher parameters (ultra supercritical water) are planned to be employed in the future. In this paper the unique supercritical water research infrastructure in Research Centre Řež is presented. The newly designed ultra supercritical water research loop is described in detail. The corrosion resistance of ferritic-martensitic steels P91, P92 and VM12-SHC was investigated under the conditions of supercritical water at 600 °C and 25 MPa. The high-temperature structural stability of these steels was evaluated and the oxides formed during the supercritical water exposure were analyzed and described. As expected the higher chromium containing steel VM12-SHC showed the best corrosion behavior among the examined steels.

Keywords: supercritical water, martensitic steels, ultra supercritical water, corrosion behaviour, structural stability

Pages: 47 - 51 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-10

9. EFFECT OF VERTICAL IRREGULARITY ON PERFORMANCE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMED BUILDINGS

Authors: RAHUL LESLIE , SARASWATHY B

Abstract: Indian standard codes (IS 456:2000, IS 13920: 1993) have not given particular attention for the design of setback buildings. This paper addresses the effect of irregularities in elevation on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) framed buildings with infill brick walls. The seismic parameters such as fundamental time period, inter storey drift ratio, base shear and top displacement of irregular buildings are compared with that of a regular building. The nonlinear static analysis, using user defined hinges, is used to assess the buildings with irregularities introduced at different storey levels and with different setback ratios. Nonlinear version of SAP 2000-12 is used for analysis. It is observed that the performances of these irregular buildings when designed according to the provisions of IS codes are inferior compared to that of regular building.

Keywords: Vertical geometric irregularity, Infill, User defined hinges, Pushover analysis

Pages: 52 - 56 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-11

10. DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THE VISCOELASTIC NONCYLINDRICAL HELICES WITH A MIXED FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION

Authors: AKIF KUTLU , NIHAL ERATLI

Abstract: The scope of this study is to investigate linear viscoelastic vibration response of conical and hyperboloidal helices having an elliptical hollow section. A mixed finite element formulation based on the Timoshenko beam theory is implemented, where the numerical analysis are performed in the Laplace domain. Noncylindrical helix geometry is spatially discretized by the finite elements where nodes are placed on the exact geometry. The curvatures are approximated by shape functions over each element. The material constants are replaced with their complex counterparts in the Laplace domain in accordance to the correspondence principle. For the step type loading, results from the solutions performed in the Laplace domain are transformed back to the time domain numerically by employing the Modified Durbin’s transformation procedure. Numerical results are presented as benchmark examples investigating the viscolelastic dynamic behavior of noncylindrical helices with elliptical hollow sections.

Keywords: viscoelasticity, noncylindrical helix, mixed finite element method, free vibration, Laplace space

Pages: 61 - 64 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-13

11. ESTIMATION OF SHALLOW LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY USING GIS INTEGRATED SUPPORT VECTOR REGRESSION

Authors: G ANTHERJANAM , MC PHILIPOSE , S CHANDRAKARAN

Abstract: This paper proposes an effective method for susceptibility estimation of shallow landslides integrating the geographical information system based landslide susceptibility estimation model and a data driven paradigm. The study incorporates geotechnical properties of soil in modeling exercise along with the traditional geospatial landslide causative factors such as landuse and slope angle. The entire database is applied in SINMAP (stability index mapping) platform in the GIS environment to compute the susceptibility indices of the concerned study area in a multi-calibration mode. Then the geotechnical properties are extracted using kriging interpolation to use them as predictor variables to develop a regression model using support vector machine (SVM) and the prepared model is validated statistically. The methodology is demonstrated by applying it in Aruvikkal basin in Kerala state in India and the model is suitable for landslide susceptibility prediction problems in Western Ghats.

Keywords: Estimation of Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Using GIS Integrated Support Vector Regression

Pages: 69 - 72 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-15

12. MAPPING DAMAGES IN CONCRETES USING AN EXTENDED DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION TECHNIQUE

Authors: H MAMAND , J CHEN

Abstract: This paper presented an extended digital image correlation technique (EDIC) for mapping damages in concretes. A digital image camera was used to scan the surfaces of investigated concrete beams during the loading process. The developed EDIC technique was used to computationally detect macro and micro cracks, and predict micro crack propagation before the crack become visually detectable. This developed EDIC technique is essential to carry out an in-situ mapping damages in concrete structures. This new technique firstly extended the capability of current digital image correlation technique by computational detecting multiscale cracks, which enables a non-destructive test of structural damages. This developed EDIC technique can be used for further research on material damages in the society of concrete academia and applications in detecting damages of ageing concrete structures in concrete related industries.

Keywords: Extended digital image correlation, Mapping damages in concretes, Distance transformation algorithm, Critical damage strain, Multiscale crack

Pages: 85 - 88 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-18

13. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STEEL TRUSS GIRDER WITH Z-SHAPED CLIPS

Authors: LANYING ZHU , MENGLI SONG , ZHIJUN WANG

Abstract: This paper describes the mechanical properties of truss girders with Z-shaped clips through experiment. The result shows that the failure mode of truss girder is categorized as lateral buckling-induced destabilization. By comparing the mechanical performance and the economy indices between truss girder with butterfly-shaped clips and truss girder with Z-shaped clips, the feasibility of truss girder with Z-shaped clips is demonstrated.

Keywords: Z-shaped clips, steel truss girder, experimental study, mechanical performance

Pages: 89 - 93 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-19

14. COMPARISON OF GDM AND LM ALGORITHMS IN ANN MODELING FOR THE ESTIMATION OF GROUND WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS

Authors: ATUL KUMAR RAHUL , ISHU BANSAL , K.K. PANDEY

Abstract: The study evaluates forecasting of groundwater level for short period of data by utilizing the standard artificial neural network (ANN) model, trained with two back propagation (BP) training algorithms namely Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) and Gradient Descent with Momentum (GDM). Data of five wells, Annual rainfall, Temperature, Relative humidity and river stage are chosen as input parameters.The model efficiency and accuracy were measured based on the root mean square error (RMSE) and regression coefficient (R).R-values approach towards the unity for most of the wells in LM method. LM method is recommended for forecasting ground water level for short duration of data and also it is anticipated that this method will give fairly accurate result for long duration of data under consideration. In case of constraint on data availability mentioned above, the LM Method is found to be suitable for ground water forecasting even when we take river water level as one of the inputs in ANN model.

Keywords: ANN, LM, GDM, RMSE, R-value

Pages: 99 - 103 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-21

15. EFFECTS OF SODIUM SILICATE AND CITRATE ON MAGNESIUM OXYSULFATE CEMENT

Authors: JIEFEI WANG , MINGFANG BA , SIMIN ZHAO , YINGYING YANG

Abstract: In order to improve the properties of Magnesium Oxysulfate (MOS) Cement, the effects of Citrate and Sodium Silicate with single or double-doped way on water resistance and mechanical strength of MOS cement were investigated. Also scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique was adopted to explain the morphology of phase composition. The experimental results showed that under the condition of 15±3°C，RH=70±5% single Citrate increasing improve the compressive and flexural strength of MOS cement while exert less effect on water resistance of MOS cement. The double-doped Citrate and Sodium Silicate by the mass ratio of 1:2 could both increased 7d flexural strength by twice and compressive strength by 50% and simultaneously largely improve water resistance of MOS cement. SEM results showed that a large number of connected wheat-like-needle hydration products were formed in hardened MOS cement paste with double-doped Citrate and Sodium Silicate.

Keywords: Magnisium Oxysulfate Cement; Sodium Silicate; Citrate; Water Resistance; Mechanical Properties

Pages: 104 - 107 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-22

16. WASTE GENERATION IN AGATE PROCESSING: USE OF SIO2 AS A SUPPORT MATTERIAL FOR FE3O4

Authors: DAIANE FOLLE , DOUGLAS CARISSIMO , RODRIGO DE ALMEIDA SILVA

Abstract: Brazil is one of the main producers of colored gemstones, and Rio Grande do Sul is the state with the greatest production of agates, amethysts and citrines. This sector is preponderant in the economy of the regions of the Upper Uruguai and Middle Plateau, but it faces technological difficulties, among which we can highlight the large volume of gemstones exported in rough state, with low added value, and the low efficiency equipment. Another problem is the sheer volume of waste generated without the adequate treatment and appropriate place for disposal. The purpose of this study is to conduct a diagnosis of the processing of the gems, identify the types of waste generated and the importance of the implementation of environmental management for this industrial sector and propose an alternative of SiO2 use (a residue from the processing of Agates) as a support material for the compounds based on iron oxides.

Keywords: agates, residue, SiO2, Fe3O4, support material

Pages: 108 - 112 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-23

17. YIELD LINE ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLABS BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Authors: BRAJESH KUMAR , ALOK KUMAR , V. KUMAR , SHIVANG D. AGRAWAL

Abstract: This paper presents the Finite Element Method (FEM) for analyzing the failure pattern of rectangular slab with various edge conditions. The convergence of maximum central deflection in square and rectangular plates with the improvement in fineness of mesh has been carried out. Comparison has been made between FEM (ANSYS software) results and yield line theory Classical results.

Keywords: Rectangular Slab, ANSYS, Classical Approach1.

Pages: 113 - 117 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-24

18. GNSS ANTENNA CALIBRATION ACTIVITIES IN TURKEY

Authors: H.HAKAN DENLI , SEDA CETIN

Abstract: Coordinates can be calculated using satellites such as GPS, GLONASS and Galileo with known orbits. All of these systems including Compass are called GNSS. To increase the accuracy of point coordinates, the error sources of GNSS are being researched for a long time. One of these errors is the antenna phase center unknown. Due to the fact that the antenna phase center is a dynamic point, it cause an error and this error consists of antenna phase center offset and antenna phase center variations that have to be known. In this study, types of antenna calibration, specifications of an antenna calibration area and national studies on this subject are explained. Also, a study on antenna calibration network which established at Istanbul Technical University is mentioned

Keywords: Antenna Calibration, Antenna Phase Center, Antenna Calibration in Turkey

Pages: 131 - 134 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-27

19. APPLICABILITY OF GRADE 550 MPA SHEAR BARS IN RC WALLS WITH ASPECT RATIO OF 2.0

Authors: BAEK JANG-WOON , PARK HONG-GUN , YIM SANG-JUN

Abstract: In the construction of nuclear power plants using massive walls, the use of high-strength reinforcing bars for shear design is necessary, to enhance the constructability and economy. In this study, heavily reinforced walls with aspect ratio of 2.0 were tested, to investigate the shear capacity under cyclic loading. The major test parameters were the grade of shear reinforcement (Grade 550 / 420 MPa), web bar ratio (half / full of permissible maximum bar ratio. According to the direct comparison between the walls with 550 and 420 MPa bars, they had negligible difference in the failure modes, peak shear strength, and lateral stiffness. Particularly, for the walls with Grade 550 MPa bars, the safety margin predicted by ACI 349 was significant. The test result indicates that Grade 550 MPa bars can be applicable to RC walls with aspect ratio less than or equal to 2.0.

Keywords: walls with aspect ratio of 2.0, heavily reinforced walls, high-strength reinforcement, nuclear power plant walls, shear strength,.

Pages: 135 - 139 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-28

20. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE-PROFILED SHEETING COMPOSITE FLOOR SUPPORTED BY LIGHT GAUGE STEEL TUBES

Authors: LANYING ZHU , MENGLI SONG , ZHIJUN WANG , WEICHAO KONG

Abstract: In this paper, the lightweight concrete-profiled sheeting composite floor supported by Light Gauge Steel (LGS) square tubes was studied through static experiment using the vertical load. The influence of profiled sheeting and lightweight concrete-profiled sheeting to the bearing capacity and flexural rigidity of the composite floor was discussed. Then the failure mode of the square tube was investigated, and the positive effects of lightweight concrete on the bearing capacity of LGS square tube is discussed, then a suggestion for the calculation of load bearing capacity of the composite floor was proposed.

Keywords: experimental, research, FEM analysis, lightweight concrete-profiled sheeting, mechanical performance

Pages: 146 - 150 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-30

21. SPHERICAL THERMICAL RESERVOIR A VIABLE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTION FOR BRAZILIAN POPULAR BUILDINGS

Authors: ITALO A.G RISPOLI , OSE L.F CASSUCI , LIZIE CREMONEZI , MASAHIRO NISHIWAKI

Abstract: This research obtained results of the evaluation of the thermal performance of three reservoirs used for heating of water with solar energy. Being a cylindrical metal one, a spherical in thermofix compound with fiberglass and a cylindrical in compound fixed term with fiberglass. Nowadays the job of cylindrical reservoirs is the constant one due to the easiness of execution, however this cylinder isn’t the most efficient anymore, which is shown in this study. Once defined that the most appropriate shape was the spherical one, were started series of tests aiming at the practical proof in service and the viability of his use in low costs residences. The work done permitted to identify and to affirm that spherical reservoirs are most indicated one for this aim, presenting less loss of heat and consequently reduction in the operational and manufacturing costs allied to less quantity of raw material.

Keywords: Cylinder; Spherical reservoir; Thermosolar system

Pages: 151 - 152 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-31

22. HONG KONG EXPERIENCE IN CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT

Authors: XUEQING ZHANG , JIAN XIAO

Abstract: Many countries and regions are suffering from huge amounts of construction waste, which is a heavy burden on the sustainable urban development. Efficient legal and regulatory measures and effective public policies and guidelines should be established and best waste management practices taken to address the waste problem. This paper critically reviews construction waste management practices in Hong Kong (a special administrative region of China) and draws experience and learns lessons from these practices with an objective to improve future practices in this region and to share some insights on sustainable waste management for other parts of the world.

Keywords: construction waste, laws and regulations, management, policies and guidelines, practices

Pages: 161 - 164 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-33

23. STUDY OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GIANT REED AS A GREEN BUILDING MATERIAL

Authors: JAVIER ANDREU-RODRIGUEZ , MANUEL FERRANDEZ-VILLENA , TERESA GARCIA-ORTUNO , CLARA E. FERRANDEZ-GARCIA

Abstract: In the building sector advances are being made using natural green materials for the manufacture of building elements that are environmentally friendly and sustainable. Traditionally, in this sector, local materials with low energy cost and low environmental impact were used. In the Mediterranean Countries giant reed was used as a building material until the 1960´s, being replaced afterwards by other modern materials like concrete. Nowadays, in rural areas, inhabited dwellings made with giant reed can still be found. The reeds are used for ceiling, flooring, slabs, false ceilings and walls. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of the giant reed to provide technical data to support the utilization of this green material for sustainable building. The results showed that the giant reed behaves mechanically like a softwood structural timber, having at the same time lower thermal conductivity than wood. Thus it can be used as a sustainable building material.

Keywords: Giant reed, Arundo donax, modulus of elasticity, sustainable building, low thermal conductivity

Pages: 165 - 167 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-34

24. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A CEMENT MORTAR REINFORCED WITH ARUNDO DONAX L. REEDS

Authors: CLARA E. FERRANDEZ-GARCIA , JAVIER ANDREU-RODRIGUEZ , MANUEL FERRANDEZ-VILLENA , TERESA GARCIA-ORTUNO

Abstract: The lack of technical information on the use of local building materials has driven the consumers to use industrializad construction materials. There is a lot of research on manufacturing concrete reinforced with agro-residues such as: coconut shell; sisal; sugar cane bagasse; bamboo; jute; wood; hemp; and bananama). But the fibre most used to reinforce cement has been the bamboo species. The giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is a plant with a hollow stem that resembles a bamboo. The purpose of this study was to use giant reeds to reinforce cement mortars in order to provide some technical data on the traditional building uses of this plant, and to manufacture a new product based on the ancient mediterranean building techniques.

Keywords: Giant reed, cement mortar, compressive strength, flexural strength

Pages: 168 - 171 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-35

25. COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF CLAY BRICK AND STONE AGGREGATE CONCRETE BUILDING

Authors: SYED ISHTIAQ AHMAD , MD. SHAHRIOR ALAM

Abstract: Due to scarcity of natural stone, a large number of residential building in Bangladesh are constructed using crushed clay brick aggregate. Since production of brick aggregate consume large amount of energy and hence emit higher quantity of CO2, environmental impact from brick aggregate would justifiably be different from concrete made from natural stone aggregate. It is, therefore, of interest to know how choosing either of the two types of aggregate affects the overall CO2 emission in a building construction project. To this end, in this paper, a comparative study is conducted between CO2 emission of identical brick and stone aggregate concrete six storied residential building located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. For this, the construction materials, their quantities and respective CO2 emission are estimated and tallied. All the processes involved from production, transportation to the site, installation etc are considered while estimating CO2 emission from each construction material. Total

Keywords: carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emission, energy consumption, brick aggregate, stone aggregate, concrete production.

Pages: 172 - 175 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-36

26. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS MADE WITH NATURAL LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES

Authors: ABDELHAMID CHARIF , M. JAMAL SHANNAG , SALMAN AL NASSER

Abstract: This paper investigates the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams made with locally available natural lightweight scoria aggregates. A series of 4 full scale structural lightweight reinforced concrete beams 2.9 m long, with a rectangular cross-section of 250×300 mm were designed, cast and tested under 4 points bending test. The effect of varying the compressive strength from 25 to 45 MPa on the load-deflection and moment-curvature responses of under reinforced beams with a reinforcement ratio of 0.25 of the balanced steel ratio was studied. Data presented include the load-deflection and moment curvature responses of the beams tested. The investigation revealed that the flexural behavior of the lightweight reinforced concrete beams was comparable to that of normal weight reinforced concrete beams with relatively larger deflections and curvatures. Test results showed a significant reduction in ductility of lightweight reinforced concrete beams with the increase in compressive

Keywords: lightweight concrete, flexure, reinforced concrete beam, moment, curvature, deflection.

Pages: 176 - 179 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-37

27. SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE WITH NON-DOMINATED SORTING GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR THE MONTHLY INFLOW PREDICTION IN HYDROPOWER RESERVOIR

Authors: MAHYAR ABOUTALEBI , OMID BOZORGHADDAD

Abstract: In this paper a novel tool, support vector machine (SVM) based on Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGAII), is proposed for prediction of the monthly inflow stream in the hydropower reservoir system. The two objectives which are considered in NSGAII are minimizing the error of the prediction by SVM and minimizing the number of variables which are selected for SVM as the input variables. The statistical indicator which is considered for the evaluation of the error is root mean square error (RMSE) and the hydropower reservoir of Karoon-4 which is located in Iran is considered as the case study. In this optimization problem, the decision variables of NSGAII have two parts. The First part is the names of the input variables as predictors and the other part is the values of the SVM parameters. In order to create the data base of SVM, the input variables (monthly inflow and monthly precipitation) in the previous periods and monthly inflow of reservoir in the current period as the tar

Keywords: SVM, NSGAII, inflow prediction, hydropower reservoir

Pages: 180 - 183 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-38

28. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DEVELOPED FIREFLY ALGORITHM IN MULTIRESERVOIR OPTIMIZATION IN CONTINOUS DOMAIN

Authors: OMID BOZORGHADDAD

Abstract: This paper presents the performance of developed firefly algorithm which is formed to be used in the problems where decision variables stem from each other. In this regard, the proposed algorithm so-called “DFAORO” is used to a benchmark multi-reservoir problem in continuous domain. So as to examine the results of DFAORO, linear programing (LP) and standard firefly algorithm (SFA) are applied. Final results based on the value of indicate that DFAORO differs from LP by 0.0015 percent. Whereas SFA is about 37 times worse than DFAORO compared to LP. All in all, it can be asserted that DFAORO has proved more robust and effective.

Keywords: optimization, multireservoirs operation, Firefly algorithm.

Pages: 182 - 188 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-39

29. ESTIMATED ADHESIVENESS OF ASPHALTIC BITUMEN TO NATURAL AGGREGTES USING STATISTICAL REGRESSION

Authors: DANIEL LEPADATU

Abstract: Usually the adhesiveness is defined as the capacity of a binder to cover an aggregate without dispersing itself when touching the water or the traffic aggressions. Therefore, the adhesiveness additives are products that improve the adhesiveness of the bitumen to a certain aggregate. The improvement of causeway’s bitumen adhesiveness is becoming a current practice in our country, especially when is used acid (siliceous) aggregate. The used additives – amino derivatives - have a high stocking stability, a low toxicity degree toward the amine, diamine, polyamine-based additives and are liquid products perfectly compatible with all bitumens and easy to use, in comparison to the paste or solid additives, which must be made liquid to be used. The mineralogyc nature of aggregate is, also, very important because the bitumen „prefers” basic aggregates. However, in practice, the most used aggregates for hot (or cold) coating are acid. There is a continuous problem for specialists to find the opt

Keywords: bitumen, additives, adhesiveness, cover capacity, statistical regression

Pages: 206 - 210 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-43

30. APPLYING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS TO ESTIMATE THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS

Authors: DANIEL LEPADATU

Abstract: The main objective of this study is to present a more accurate method to estimate the energy performance of buildings. This purpose is meant to evaluate the feasibility and relevance of more complex statistical modeling techniques, such as the artificial neural network. The energy performance of buildings may be estimated by their capacity to ensure a healthy and comfortable environment, with low energy consumption during the whole year. The glazed areas have a decisive role in the building energy performance having in view the complex functions that they play in the system. A parametric study, based on another powerful tool - the design of experiment method, which allows us to emphasize the measure in which the geometric and energetic characteristics of glazed areas influence the energy efficiency, estimated by the yearly energy needs, to ensure a comfortable and healthy environment. An artificial neural network - ANN is a computational model inspired by the biological natural neuron.

Keywords: buildings energy, artificial neural networks, design of experiment method

Pages: 267 - 272 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-55

31. TEACHERS’ PERCEPTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHARACTERS OF ROLE PLAYERS IN SCHOOLS AND THE LEVEL OF CULTURE OF TEACHING AND LEARNING

Authors: MASOUMEH POURRAJAB , MUHAMMAD FAIZAL BIN GHANI

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the characters of role players and level of Culture of Teaching and Learning (COTL) in schools. Additionally, the paper aims to identify the level of COTL is schools based on teachers’ perception. Data were collected from 280 teachers in secondary schools in Lorestan Province, Iran. To achieve these aims, the researchers conducted a research survey to determine the level of COTL, and applied multivariate regression analysis to investigate the relationship between the characters of role players and COTL. The findings of this study showed that, the level of COTL is high and also there is a positive and moderate relationship between the characters of principals, teachers, students, and parents and COTL. The teachers in this study pointed out that the character of students had a more important role for COTL. The study identifies some useful point for teaches to be more effective on the level of COTL.

Keywords: Characters of role players, Culture of Teaching and Learning (COTL), Teaching and Learning (T&L), Principals, Teachers, and Iran

Pages: 5 - 8 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-032-3-103

32. LINEARITY BETWEEN DEFLECTION AND CMOD IN HYBRID FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

Authors: J.VIKRAM

Abstract: Few researches were made in recent decades to explain the relationship between mid-span deflection and crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD). In this study, a concrete mix proportion arrived based on the packing density of concrete incorporated with hybrid combination of different types of fibre with different aspect ratio and dosages. High modulus steel fibre of length 60mm and 35mm and low modulus polypropylene fibre of length 47mm and 23.5mm is used in this study. A yoke set up is used to evaluate load-deflection curve and a specially fabricated C-clamp for evaluation CMOD. The paper mainly focuses on the relationship between the mid-span deflection and CMOD. Manual evaluation of the load-deflection curve and load-CMOD curve is carried out of different hybrid concrete specimen. The experimental results show a linear relationship between mid-span deflection and CMOD.

Keywords: mid-deflection;CMOD; hybrid; steel fibre; polypropylene fibre; toughness.

Pages: 353 - 357 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-181

33. SEISMIC EVALUATION OF UN-REINFORCED MASONRY STRUCTURES

Authors: DEBRANJAN SAR , PRADIP SARKAR

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to study the methodology available in literature to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of un-reinforced masonry building and to check the applicability of these procedures through experimental studies. Sixteen wall panels of varying dimensions with and without openings were tested for in-plane monotonic lateral loads. The experimental results are compared with the results of existing pushover analysis method (ASCE/SEI 41-06) for URM building. The comparisons show that ASCE/SEI 41-06 method consistently overestimates the strength and stiffness of the URM buildings. A set of modification is proposed for the pushover analysis of URM building based on the experimental investigation. These proposed modifications show consistently good performance in comparison with the existing method (ASCE/SEI 41-06) of pushover analysis

Keywords: Seismic evaluation, un-reinforced masonry, pushover analysis, plastic hinge, shear stress.

Pages: 349 - 352 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-178

34. VIBRATION CONTROL OF BUILDING FRAMES WITH MULTIPLE TUNED MASS DAMPERS

Authors: B. THOCKCHOM , B.NEETHU , D.DAS

Abstract: Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs) have been found to be effective in controlling the responses of flexible tall structures subjected to earthquake ground excitations. In the present paper, the performance of single TMD and multiple TMD (MTMD) in reducing the seismic vibrations induced in structures are studied. The structure considered is a ten-storey RC building frame available in literature. Structures with and without TMDs subjected to different recorded earthquake ground motions are considered. Controlled responses of structures with TMDs and MTMDs are compared with the uncontrolled responses. It is observed that both the TMDs and MTMDs are able to reduce the vibrations in structures caused by earthquakes; however, the MTDMs are found to be more effective in reducing the responses of structures. From the present study it is concluded that, the performance of the tuned mass dampers depend on the characteristics of the ground motion to a great extent and a parametric study to investigate thi

Keywords: Tuned mass damper (TMD), MTMD, earthquake.

Pages: 344 - 348 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-174

35. HEADWAY COMPRESSION AND QUEUE DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF MIXED TRAFFIC AT SIGNALISED INTERSECTIONS

Authors: PARTHA PRATIM DEY

Abstract: The assessment and performance of signalised intersections often require the determination of capacity of approach lane or lane group, the intersection clearing speed of queued vehicle during queue discharge. The fundamental element of a signalised intersection is the periodic stopping and starting of the traffic stream. When a signal turns green from red, first of the stopped vehicles (1st vehicle of the queue) starts to move and cross the intersection. Then, the second vehicle in the queue starts to move and so on. The evaluation of capacity at signalized intersection is an important component in the planning, design, operation, and management of transportation system. Presently, the methodologies available for the estimation of capacity of signalised intersections are based on the concept of saturation flow (s). The study describes the headway, and speed characteristics of vehicles during queue discharge after green onset under mixed traffic condition. For the present work data were

Keywords: Saturation flow, signalised intersection, saturation flow region, mixed traffic

Pages: 340 - 343 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-173

36. CFD SIMULATION ON VENTILATION PERFORMANCE IN RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY WITH MULTI BUILDING LAYOUTS

Authors: CUI-E DUAN , JIANYING JIAO , WEI-ZHEN LU , ZHAOLIN GU

Abstract: This paper reports a numerical simulation of three-dimensional air flow around different obstacles (buildings). The results can be used for assessing the natural ventilation performance and the potential impact on pollutant dispersion.

Keywords: — Ventilation, LES model, Residence, Drag source term, Tunnel effect

Pages: 337 - 339 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-171

37. SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE STRUCTURES WITH GBFS AS SUITABLE REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE : A STUDY ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR

Authors: ASHOK K. SAHANI , D. K. SINGHA ROY

Abstract: With the rapid industrial growth globally, steel industries, in particular, are producing huge quantity of slag as by-product in different forms obtained through various cooling processes. These by-products are environmentally hazardous, create problems of storage, thereby reducing effective land-use affecting economy of the country. That is why, proper utilization of such waste materials and its management has become one of the most complex and challenging tasks over a period of time. Present study basically aims at investigating the scope of use of such a by-product Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) as fine aggregate replacing natural sand partially or fully in concrete structures, in order to reduce environmental problems and waste disposal, also in terms of preserving natural resources. In this experimental investigation, design mix of various grades are prepared with various percentages of replacement of natural sand by GBFS. Based on the test results and detail investigation o

Keywords: Granulated Blast Furnace slag, Compressive strength, Workability, Sustainable, Concrete

Pages: 333 - 336 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-170

38. BASE ISOLATION FOR ARCHITECTURAL TEMPLES

Authors: RADHIKESH P. NANDA

Abstract: The paper addresses earthquake protection for architectural masonry temples of India, which are supported over large marble pedestal. The concept of seismic isolation has been applied here to these temples by separating the super structure from the pedestal by a smooth friction layer in the form of marble/marble interface. The response of the base isolation system is estimated numerically by solving the governing equations of motion under earthquakes ground motion compatible with the 5% damping design spectrum of Indian standard code for earthquake resistant design corresponding to the level of maximum considered earthquake in the most vulnerable seismic zone. In comparison with the response of the fixed base structure, nearly 50% reduction in absolute response acceleration for the isolated temple building was observed at the roof level at the cost of 30 mm base sliding displacement, which is well within large marble pedestal and can be used as a base isolation technique for preserving

Keywords: Architectural temples, base isolation, earthquake protection, masonry, monuments.

Pages: 329 - 332 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-169

39. ANALYZING SIMULTANEOUS HETEROTROPHIC NITRIFICATION AND AEROBIC DENITRIFICATION POTENTIAL OF A NEWLY ISOLATED BACTERIUM, BACILLUS CEREUS STRAIN GS5 SND BY NEWLY ISOLATED BACILLUS CEREUS GS5 STRAIN

Authors: PRANGYA RANJAN ROUT , PUSPENDU BHUNIA , RAJESH ROSHAN DASH

Abstract: The present study aims in investigating simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (SND) ability of a newly isolated bacterium. The bacterial strain GS5 was isolated from a laboratory scale denitrifying bioreactor and characterized. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics as derived from partial 16S rRNA gene sequence, the isolate was identified to be Bacillus cereus GS5 strain (Gen Bank accession no. KM212993). The strain had exhibited the capability of utilizing ammonia, nitrate and nitrite as sole nitrogen sources in presence of external carbon sources, thus heterotrophic in nature. Considering, initial concentration of ammonium as 50 mg/L, 92.02% was removed after 24h incubation with little accumulation of the intermediates such as hydroxylamine, nitrite, and nitrate. Similarly, the new isolate had a high denitrifying ability, from initial 100 mg/L nitrate, 98.26% was removed in a 24h period under aerobic conditions, with reduced level of nitr

Keywords: Bacillus cereus GS5 strain, Heterotrophic nitrification, Aerobic denitrification, Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND)

Pages: 324 - 328 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-166

40. UNCERTAIN EVENTS THAT RESULTING A RISK OF AN INCREASE IN CONSTRUCTION COSTS(CASE STUDIES ON SOME OF THE CONTRACTORS IN INDONESIA)

Authors: JOSEFINE ERNESTINE LATUPEIRISSA

Abstract: The construction phase of the project implementation stage where the contractor has won the tender and has been prepared for the construction process, is an activity that contains the uncertain events which interact and may originate from internal and external environment of the project. Contractor as responsible and resource managers, must take into account the uncertain events that may lead to the risk of increased costs of the project compared to the initial cost estimate as a consequence of the unforeseen costs that arise during the course of construction. This study aims to identify uncertain events during the execution of the project, then the distribution of the uncertain events to appropriate parties to obtain the uncertain events that are the responsibility of the contractor. Primary data were obtained from several contractors in Indonesia through interviews and questionnaires, while secondary data obtained from the documentation for the implementation of the project. The resu

Keywords: uncertain events, risk, project construction, information, upcoming projects

Pages: 320 - 323 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-161

41. PUMICE AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CEMENT MORTARS

Authors: BINYAMIN NEVRUZ , NIYAZI UGUR KOCKAL

Abstract: his paper presents an experimental study on cement mortars with different originated pumice aggregates (PA) in order to investigate PA effects on some properties of mortars. Natural sand (NS) was also used to prepare control mortars as reference mix. With this purpose, experiments for aggregate characterisation were conducted and additionally compressive strength, flexural and splitting tensile strength tests were performed on mortars. Results obtained throughout experimental study were analyzed and compared. Replacement of PA with NS led to decreases in mechanical properties of mortars. However, these reductions were differentiated due to the different properties of aggregates. The investigation undertaken also demonstrated the possibility of pumice aggregates in production of structural lightweight mortars.

Keywords: pumice aggregate, compressive strength, tensile strength; lightweight mortar

Pages: 312 - 314 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-62

42. FLOW FIELD AND SCOURING AROUND CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURE IN CHANNEL BED

Authors: P. R. MAITI , SABITA MADHVI SINGH

Abstract: Scour is the formation of scour hole around the structure mounted on and embedded in erodible channel bed due to erosion of soil by flowing water. The formation of scour hole around the structures depends on the depth of flow, shape and size of slender structure, angle of attack of flow and sediment characteristics. The flow characteristics around these structures changes due to manmade obstruction in the natural flow path which changes the kinetic energy of the flow around these structure. Excessive scour affects the stability of the foundation of the structure by the removal of the bed material. The accurate estimation of scour depth around bridge pier is very difficult. The foundation of bridge piers have to be taken deeper and to provide sufficient anchorage length required for stability of the foundation. In the present study, scour depth is estimated around circular piers by HEC-RAS for a straight channel. The flow characteristics around these structures are presented for differe

Keywords: Scour, Bridge pier, Pier shape, Horseshoe Vortex

Pages: 302 - 306 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-60

43. CONTRAST BETWEEN ANGULAR AND DISTANCE OBSERVABLES IN GEODETIC INSPECTION OF DEFORMATION

Authors: FELIPE PINA GARCIA , RAUL PEREDA GARCIA , JULIO MANUEL DE LUIS RUIZ

Abstract: This work aims to establish a methodology to compare the displacements are obtained by performing geodetic auscultations by observable angular (theodolite) and electronic distancemeter (EDM), all with the object of choice "a priori" the best instruments to carry out such work. To justify the contrast it have been proposed the methodology and instruments used in the resolution of auscultation of a dam called "La Cohilla", located in Cantabria (Spain). This one have been observed by classical methods, angles and distances, in two consecutive seasons. First of all, the displacements of a series of targets with both observables are obtained. After that, it is proposed a statistical procedure to validate the results obtained with both observable and thus be able to make the right decision about the appropriate choice of the observable and therefore what instrumental must be employed in geodesic auscultations.

Keywords: Microgeodesy, geodetic auscultation, angular and distance observables, statistical testing, bi-wide distribution.

Pages: 292 - 301 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-59

44. INTER-VEHICLE DISTANCE IN DRIVER BEHAVIOUR MODELLING

Authors: KRZYSZTOF CETNAROWICZ , PIOTR BLASZCZYK , WOJCIECH TUREK

Abstract: The concept of traffic control in the future will be based on a fully managed planning, vehicles will be fully autonomous. Until that time traditional and autonomous cars will coexist on the streets. In this paper we describe a driver model concept, which allows for more accurate reflection of the drivers behavior and thus better prediction of their reactions in the situation where autonomous vehicles are moving with vehicles driven in the traditional way. We also present extension of our previously build platform which allows to measure distance between two cars using stereo cameras. We show that the distance measure while proceeding various maneuvers allows to distinct drivers.

Keywords: Microgeodesy, geodetic auscultation, angular and distance observables, statistical testing, bi-wide distribution.

Pages: 287 - 291 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-58

45. COMPARISON OF DAYLIGHT AND VIEW’S OPENNESS ACCORDING TO APARTMENT MASTER PLANS

Authors: JI-EUN LEE , JI-MIN KIM , SEUNG-KI LEE

Abstract: Korean Apartment buildings have constructed since 1970s. The apartment became typical housing type in the present. It has changed the urban landscape. Resident’s preference and the development project of many new towns have increased the number of apartment. An architectural design for apartment complex has been developed for finding an optimum among density of complex, quality of residential environment and profitability. Flat buildings have changed to various shaped buildings as L or Y shape ones. The latticed and parallel placement with flat buildings also has varied the arrangement of buildings depending on building shapes. In this study, daylight environment and visual comfort according to apartment master plans were analyzed based on the change of the building shape and mixed arrangement. Simulation by Daysim checked the proper amount of daylight with actual window area. The result was compared in terms of the location and the floor height of each unit. In addition, quantitative

Keywords: Building shape, Building arrangement, Daylight performance, View’s openness, Window Area

Pages: 282 - 286 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-57

46. SMART WINDOWS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS

Authors: MARCO CASINI

Abstract: The increasing attention to issues of visual comfort and energy efficiency that characterize the architecture of the XXI century led to the development of innovative, high performance dynamic glazing systems, aimed not only at reducing heat loss, but also at controlling incoming solar radiation, in order to maximize solar gain in winter and minimize it in summer, as well as ensuring the best natural lighting conditions with no glare. Such systems, called smart windows, enable varying the amount of heat (SHGC) and light (VLT) that penetrate through the glass surfaces as needed, while maintaining outwards vision. These new dynamic windows, the electrochromic ones in particular, are proving to be more effective than traditional static systems - low-e selective glazing and automatic shading devices - at reducing energy consumption for lighting and air conditioning and providing greater comfort to users. The article offers an analysis of the different types of dynamic glazing on the market,

Keywords: smart windows, dynamic glazing, emerging windows technologies, adaptive building shells, energy efficiency of buildings, smart buildings, sustainable buildings

Pages: 273 - 281 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-56

47. APPLYING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS TO ESTIMATE THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS

Authors: ANA-RALUCA ROSU , DANIEL LEPADATU , LOREDANA JUDELE

Abstract: The main objective of this study is to present a more accurate method to estimate the energy performance of buildings. This purpose is meant to evaluate the feasibility and relevance of more complex statistical modeling techniques, such as the artificial neural network. The energy performance of buildings may be estimated by their capacity to ensure a healthy and comfortable environment, with low energy consumption during the whole year. The glazed areas have a decisive role in the building energy performance having in view the complex functions that they play in the system. A parametric study, based on another powerful tool - the design of experiment method, which allows us to emphasize the measure in which the geometric and energetic characteristics of glazed areas influence the energy efficiency, estimated by the yearly energy needs, to ensure a comfortable and healthy environment. An artificial neural network - ANN is a computational model inspired by the biological natural neuron.

Keywords: buildings energy, artificial neural networks, design of experiment method

Pages: 267 - 272 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-55

48. MODELLING EFFECTS OF SOIL IMPROVEMENT METHODS ON THE DEFORMATIONS INDUCED EARTHQUAKES

Authors: AHMET TUNCAN , MEHMET INANC ONUR , MUSTAFA TUNCAN

Abstract: Earthquakes can cause soil deformations if there is no prevention and improvement. Failures occur as a result of intolerable deformations. Stone columns and Jet-Grouting methods are mostly used in Eskisehir, Turkey. In this study, the modeling studies of soil deformations are presented for improvement types and different earthquake effects. Models are performed by using Plaxis 2D software dynamic module and the results are compered. As a result, soil improvement techniques are needed and chosen carefully because some methods can be insufficient to prevent deformations caused by strong earthquakes.

Keywords: deformations, earthquakes, plaxis, stone column, jet-grout

Pages: 245 - 248 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-51

49. TREATMENT OF HIGH STRENGTH WASTEWATER USING ANAEROBIC BAFFLED REACTOR WITH MEDIA DURING THE START UP PHASE

Authors: WALID ELBAKRI , AHMED S.KHALIL , MEDHAT A.E. MOUSTAFA

Abstract: Population growth and depletion of high quality fresh water supplies have led to an increased interest in wastewater reuse to augment potable water supplies either directly or indirectly so this paper presents a simple experimental set-up was used to study the treatability aspect of synthetic waste water. Three types of systems: i) conventional anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR (A)), ii) anaerobic baffled reactor with sponge bio-film (ABR (B)), iii) anaerobic baffled reactor with fiber bio-film (ABR (C)), where experimented under different COD (0-5000 mg/l) in the first steps, with flow rate 38 l/d and pH value 8.5. pH effect on treatability was also investigated. The main objective of this study was to investigate the behavior of three reactors and verify the use of bio-film in improving treatability, to promote theses the use of two types of bio-film sponge and fiber. Many significant factors were considered such as: temperatures, number of baffled in reactor, shape baffled and location

Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, high strength wastewater treatment, anaerobic baffled reactor,sponge media, fiber media, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).

Pages: 240 - 244 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-50

50. PUNCHING SHEAR STRENGTH OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

Authors: AREF ABADEL , HUSAIN ABBAS , TAREK ALMUSALLAM , YOUSEF AL-SALLOUM

Abstract: This paper investigates the punching shear behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) slabs. Experiments involved the testing of four SFRC and two control slabs against a punching load applied through a steel rod. The slabs were 600 mm square, 90 mm thick reinforced with 8 mm diameter steel rebars. SFRC was produced by mixing 1.2% and 1.4% hooked ended steel fibers in plain high strength concrete of 64.5 MPa grade. Effect of steel fibers on the punching shear cracking behavior and resistance of the slabs was investigated. The results show a significant increase in the punching shear capacity (34%) and considerable improvement in the cracking behavior. The failure of control slabs was brittle, while the SFRC slabs failed in a ductile manner. At serviceability limit state, significant reduction in the average crack width of the SFRC slabs was observed.

Keywords: punching shear, steel fibers, reinforced concrete, slab, cracking

Pages: 236 - 239 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-49

51. EFFECT OF OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND TREATING SECONDARY CHEESE WHEY AND CR(VI) WASTEWATER

Authors: ATHANASIA G. TEKERLEKOPOULOU , CHRISTOS S. AKRATOS , DIMITRIOS V. VAYENAS , MAR-YAM SULTANA , TRIANTAFYLLOS TATOULIS

Abstract: While constructed wetlands have proved to be successful in the treatment of various wastewaters, their ability to co-treat wastewaters with different characteristics has not been thoroughly examined. To this end, four pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands were used to co-treat secondary cheese whey and hexavalent chromium. Based on the experimental results constructed wetlands proved to be effective in co-treating these two wastewaters as they achieved 100% removal of hexavalent chromium, while mean COD removal ranged between ranged between 50% and 70%.

Keywords: constructed wetlands, horizontal subsurface flow, vegetation, hexavalent chromium, secondary cheese whey

Pages: 228 - 231 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-47

52. CO2 EMISSIONS PER PASSENGER-KILOMETER FROM SUBWAY SYSTEMS: APPLICATION IN THE RIO DE JANEIRO SUBWAY

Authors: CARLOS EDUARDO SANCHES DE ANDRADE , ILTON CURTY LEAL JUNIOR , MARCIO DE ALMEIDA D’AGOSTO , VANESSA DE A. GUIMARAES

Abstract: The transport sector is responsible for a significant portion of global emissions of carbon dioxide - CO2. The measurement of such emissions, when held in grams of CO2 per passenger-kilometer, enables more significant results, considering the passenger load. This work aims to analyze CO2 emissions per passenger-kilometer from subway systems, comparing those results with buses and private cars, establishing a methodology for calculating these emissions. The methodology was applied to Rio de Janeiro Subway in Brazil.

Keywords: —emissions, CO2 , subway, passenger-kilometer

Pages: 223 - 227 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-46

53. ESTIMATED ADHESIVENESS OF ASPHALTIC BITUMEN TO NATURAL AGGREGTES USING STATISTICAL REGRESSION

Authors: DIANA-IOANA MORARIU , DANIEL LEPADATU , DIANA PLIAN , LOREDANA JUDELE

Abstract: Usually the adhesiveness is defined as the capacity of a binder to cover an aggregate without dispersing itself when touching the water or the traffic aggressions. Therefore, the adhesiveness additives are products that improve the adhesiveness of the bitumen to a certain aggregate. The improvement of causeway’s bitumen adhesiveness is becoming a current practice in our country, especially when is used acid (siliceous) aggregate. The used additives – amino derivatives - have a high stocking stability, a low toxicity degree toward the amine, diamine, polyamine-based additives and are liquid products perfectly compatible with all bitumens and easy to use, in comparison to the paste or solid additives, which must be made liquid to be used. The mineralogyc nature of aggregate is, also, very important because the bitumen „prefers” basic aggregates. However, in practice, the most used aggregates for hot (or cold) coating are acid. There is a continuous problem for specialists to find the opt

Keywords: bitumen, additives, adhesiveness, cover capacity, statistical regression

Pages: 206 - 210 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-43

54. IS DESIGN GUIDANCE FOR ROADS INCOMPLETE?

Authors: JOHN BOYLE , PHILLIP MILLAR , ROBERT EADIE

Abstract: A consultation on draft high level guidance for road design of streets in town and city centers in Northern Ireland ended in October 2013. The addition to the guidance through this proposal needs examples to allow designers to apply the high level guidance mentioned in practical situations. For mixed use developments in Northern Ireland designers have to apply the Design Manual for Roads and Bridge (DMRB) and seek formal departures and relaxations through the planning service in order to gain approval for proposals for a development. This is an unwieldy process and recognizing this, the authorities in England, Scotland and Wales have moved to provide design guidance. Northern Ireland has therefore fallen behind in in this respect. Seven case studies in the Belfast City Council area which is the largest council in Northern Ireland are used in this paper to provide a gap analysis in the existing legislation and suggest ways the current consultation proposal could be implemented on the gr

Keywords: Highways, Legislation, Design, Guidance

Pages: 194 - 199 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-41

55. HUMAN COMFORT EVALUATION OF COMPOSITE FLOORS AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HUMAN RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES MODELLING

Authors: C. M. R. GASPAR , F. F. CAMPISTA , J. G. SANTOS DA SILVA

Abstract: A growing number of structural problems associated with excessive vibrations of steel-concrete composite floors due to human rhythmic activities is the main motivation for the development of an analysis methodology supported by design guides and several researches to obtain the dynamic response of a steel-concrete composite floor spanning 40 by 40 m when subjected to human rhythmic dynamic loads. Therefore, this research develops a study based on the use of two different mathematical formulations used for modelling human rhythmic actions (aerobics). Furthermore, it was observed that high levels of annoying vibrations were reached during the aerobic activity.

Keywords: steel-concrete composite floors, dynamic loading models, human comfort, excessive vibrations, human comfort.

Pages: 189 - 193 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-40

56. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DEVELOPED FIREFLY ALGORITHM IN MULTIRESERVOIR OPTIMIZATION IN CONTINOUS DOMAIN

Authors: OMID BOZORGHADDAD , IRENE GAROUSI-NEJAD

Abstract: This paper presents the performance of developed firefly algorithm which is formed to be used in the problems where decision variables stem from each other. In this regard, the proposed algorithm so-called “DFAORO” is used to a benchmark multi-reservoir problem in continuous domain. So as to examine the results of DFAORO, linear programing (LP) and standard firefly algorithm (SFA) are applied. Final results based on the value of indicate that DFAORO differs from LP by 0.0015 percent. Whereas SFA is about 37 times worse than DFAORO compared to LP. All in all, it can be asserted that DFAORO has proved more robust and effective.

Keywords: optimization, multireservoirs operation, Firefly algorithm.

Pages: 182 - 188 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-39

57. SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE WITH NON-DOMINATED SORTING GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR THE MONTHLY INFLOW PREDICTION IN HYDROPOWER RESERVOIR

Authors: MAHYAR ABOUTALEBI , OMID BOZORGHADDAD

Abstract: In this paper a novel tool, support vector machine (SVM) based on Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGAII), is proposed for prediction of the monthly inflow stream in the hydropower reservoir system. The two objectives which are considered in NSGAII are minimizing the error of the prediction by SVM and minimizing the number of variables which are selected for SVM as the input variables. The statistical indicator which is considered for the evaluation of the error is root mean square error (RMSE) and the hydropower reservoir of Karoon-4 which is located in Iran is considered as the case study. In this optimization problem, the decision variables of NSGAII have two parts. The First part is the names of the input variables as predictors and the other part is the values of the SVM parameters. In order to create the data base of SVM, the input variables (monthly inflow and monthly precipitation) in the previous periods and monthly inflow of reservoir in the current period as the tar

Keywords: SVM, NSGAII, inflow prediction, hydropower reservoir.

Pages: 180 - 183 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-38

58. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS MADE WITH NATURAL LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES

Authors: ABDELHAMID CHARIF , M. JAMAL SHANNAG , SALMAN AL NASSER

Abstract: This paper investigates the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams made with locally available natural lightweight scoria aggregates. A series of 4 full scale structural lightweight reinforced concrete beams 2.9 m long, with a rectangular cross-section of 250×300 mm were designed, cast and tested under 4 points bending test. The effect of varying the compressive strength from 25 to 45 MPa on the load-deflection and moment-curvature responses of under reinforced beams with a reinforcement ratio of 0.25 of the balanced steel ratio was studied. Data presented include the load-deflection and moment curvature responses of the beams tested. The investigation revealed that the flexural behavior of the lightweight reinforced concrete beams was comparable to that of normal weight reinforced concrete beams with relatively larger deflections and curvatures. Test results showed a significant reduction in ductility of lightweight reinforced concrete beams with the increase in compressive

Keywords: lightweight concrete, flexure, reinforced concrete beam, moment, curvature, deflection

Pages: 176 - 179 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-37

59. COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF CLAY BRICK AND STONE AGGREGATE CONCRETE BUILDING

Authors: SYED ISHTIAQ AHMAD , MD. SHAHRIOR ALAM

Abstract: Due to scarcity of natural stone, a large number of residential building in Bangladesh are constructed using crushed clay brick aggregate. Since production of brick aggregate consume large amount of energy and hence emit higher quantity of CO2, environmental impact from brick aggregate would justifiably be different from concrete made from natural stone aggregate. It is, therefore, of interest to know how choosing either of the two types of aggregate affects the overall CO2 emission in a building construction project. To this end, in this paper, a comparative study is conducted between CO2 emission of identical brick and stone aggregate concrete six storied residential building located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. For this, the construction materials, their quantities and respective CO2 emission are estimated and tallied. All the processes involved from production, transportation to the site, installation etc are considered while estimating CO2 emission from each construction material. Total

Keywords: carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emission, energy consumption, brick aggregate, stone aggregate, concrete production.

Pages: 172 - 175 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-36

60. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A CEMENT MORTAR REINFORCED WITH ARUNDO DONAX L. REEDS

Authors: CLARA E. FERRANDEZ-GARCIA , JAVIER ANDREU-RODRIGUEZ , MANUEL FERRANDEZ-VILLENA , TERESA GARCIA-ORTUNO

Abstract: The lack of technical information on the use of local building materials has driven the consumers to use industrializad construction materials. There is a lot of research on manufacturing concrete reinforced with agro-residues such as: coconut shell; sisal; sugar cane bagasse; bamboo; jute; wood; hemp; and bananama). But the fibre most used to reinforce cement has been the bamboo species. The giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is a plant with a hollow stem that resembles a bamboo. The purpose of this study was to use giant reeds to reinforce cement mortars in order to provide some technical data on the traditional building uses of this plant, and to manufacture a new product based on the ancient mediterranean building techniques.

Keywords: Giant reed, cement mortar, compressive strength, flexural strength

Pages: 168 - 171 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-35

61. STUDY OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GIANT REED AS A GREEN BUILDING MATERIAL

Authors: CLARA E. FERRANDEZ-GARCIA , JAVIER ANDREU-RODRIGUEZ , MANUEL FERRANDEZ-VILLENA , TERESA GARCIA-ORTUNO

Abstract: In the building sector advances are being made using natural green materials for the manufacture of building elements that are environmentally friendly and sustainable. Traditionally, in this sector, local materials with low energy cost and low environmental impact were used. In the Mediterranean Countries giant reed was used as a building material until the 1960´s, being replaced afterwards by other modern materials like concrete. Nowadays, in rural areas, inhabited dwellings made with giant reed can still be found. The reeds are used for ceiling, flooring, slabs, false ceilings and walls. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of the giant reed to provide technical data to support the utilization of this green material for sustainable building. The results showed that the giant reed behaves mechanically like a softwood structural timber, having at the same time lower thermal conductivity than wood. Thus it can be used as a sustainable building material.

Keywords: Giant reed, Arundo donax, modulus of elasticity, sustainable building, low thermal conductivity.

Pages: 165 - 167 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-34

62. HORIZONTAL SHEAR STRENGTH OF FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITE DECK SLABS TESTED IN THE WEAK DIRECTION

Authors: HISSEINE OUSMANE , SALAH AL TOUBAT , SAMER BARAKAT

Abstract: In this research, six large-scale composited metal deck (CMD) slabs were constructed and tested in a cantilever diaphragm configuration to assess the viability of using discreet macro fibers as an alternative secondary reinforcement. Two common commercial steel deck types, Holorib and Ribdeck AL, with a reentrant and trapezoidal profile; respectively, were used in this study. Three types of secondary reinforcements were considered: (1) Conventional welded wire mesh of sizes A142 and A98; (2) synthetic macro-fibers at the dosages of 3 kg/m3 and 5.3 kg/m3; and (3) hooked-end steel fibers with a dosage of 15 kg/m3. All the slabs were tested in the weak configuration, a condition that practically exists between steel decks and primary steel beams. Test results showed that although fibers and WWM are theoretically used in CMDs to control cracks associated with shrinkage and temperature changes, they actually have a considerable effect on enhancing the horizontal shear capacity. Results indi

Keywords: Decking, composite slab, fiber-reinforced concrete, diaphragms, horizontal shea

Pages: 307 - 311 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-61

63. PREDICTING THE HYSTERETIC CYCLES OF 3D-REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES BY ANN

Authors: FATIH BAHADIR , FATIH SULEYMAN BALIK

Abstract: In this study, artificial neural network (ANN) method is used to predict displacement data of 3D-reinforced concrete frames and compared with the experimental results of a testing series. Three reinforced concrete frames were produced two storey and 3D in 1/6 geometric scales which contained the deficiencies commonly observed problems in residential buildings in Turkey were tested under reverse-cyclic lateral loading as well as constant vertical loading until failure. These experimental studies are 3-D and having different window opening in brick wall. This study is concerned with the problem of estimation of displacement data when the LVDT of 103 numbers are corrupted and some data of hysteretic cycles are missed. As a result, the values are very closer to the experimental results obtained from training and testing for artificial neural networks model. RMSE, R2 and MAE statistical values that calculated for comparing experimental results with artificial neural networks model results h

Keywords: 3D-Reinforced Concrete, ANN, Hysteretic Cycles, Displacement

Pages: 315 - 319 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-160

64. NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF ANCHOR PLATES IN LAYERED SOIL

Authors: BUSE EMIRLER , MUSTAFA LAMAN , SELÇUK BILDIK

Abstract: This paper presents the results of numerical analyses of the uplift capacity of square anchor plates in layered soil. Many factors, such as the effects of the embedment ratio of anchors (H/B), the thickness of granular fill layer (d1/d2) and the area ratio of fill have been investigated by finite element method (FEM). The numerical analyses performed by using PLAXIS 3D. The influence of these parameters on failure mechanism and the uplift capacity of anchor is discussed.

Keywords: Numerical Investigation of Anchor Plates in Layered Soil

Pages: 358 - 363 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-182

65. EFFECT OF SPECIMEN PREPARATION METHODS FOR TENSION TEST ON DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED STEEL MEMBERS

Authors: ALI CABIROGLU , MEHMET TOLGA GOGUS , MUSTAFA OZAKCA , TALHA EKMEKYAPAR

Abstract: Performance of a structure is usually determined by the amount of permitted deformation. Some measured properties that must be considered when designing a cold formed steel structure include tensile strength, yield strength and modulus of elasticity. The other important property is ductility that is the ability for plastic deformation in tension or shear. Ductility controls the amount a material can be cold formed that is the process used when producing cold formed steel members. Steel properties that have direct or indirect influence on formability and structural element performance are tensile strength, yield strength and modulus of elasticity, ductility, hardness, stress hardening exponent, plastic strain ratio. All of these parameters can be determined by tensile test, except hardness. The stress strain curve is generated by pulling a metal specimen under axial tension to failure. ASTM E8/E8M Standard Test Methods For Tension Testing Metallic Material used for determination of tens

Keywords: Tensile testing, Sheet metals, Experiments, Cutting methods

Pages: 118 - 125 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-25

66. SHEAR STRENGTH OF PRESTRESSED PRECAST CONCRETE AND CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE COMPOSITE BEAMS

Authors: CHUL-GOO KIM , GEON-HO HONG , HONG-GUN PARK

Abstract: Composite construction of prestressed precast concrete and cast-in-place concrete having different concrete strengths are frequently adapted in the modular construction. However, current ACI318-11 design codes do not clearly define shear design methods for such composite beams. In this present study, simply supported prestressed composite beams without vertical shear reinforcement or only with horizontal shear reinforcement were tested to evaluate the effect of prestressed concrete on shear strength and shear design method for such composite members. The test variables were the area ratio of two concretes, prestress force, shear span-to-depth ratio, and shear reinforcement ratio. The results showed that shear strength was increased by increase of the prestress force and the prestressed concrete area, and decrease of shear span-to-depth ratio.

Keywords: Shear Strength, Prestressed Concrete, Precast concrete, Composite Beam

Pages: 140 - 145 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-29

67. CHARACTERIZATION OF RHEOLOGY OF FRESH CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS FOR EXTRUSION VIA DIRECT SHEAR TEST

Authors: HUA RONG , XIANGMING ZHOU

Abstract: In this paper, direct shear box test was employed for characterizing rheology of semi-solid, dough-like fresh cement-based materials tailored for extrusion. In total, five fresh cementitious mixtures, suitable for extrusion, were prepared and tested under various values of consolidation pressure and their shear yield strength was obtained. The results were interpreted by Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope. Effects of fiber volume, and water content on rheological properties of the fresh cement-based materials for extrusion were investigated. It was concluded that shear box test was an effective method for characterization of rheology of semi-solid fresh cementitious composites for extrusion. Water and fibers demonstrated different influence on overall rheology of the semi-solid, dough-like fresh cementitious composites for extrusion. The research findings will help for tailoring and optimization of material formulations of cement-based materials for extrusion.

Keywords: extrusion, fresh cement, nanoclay, rheology, semi- solid, shear

Pages: 200 - 205 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-030-9-42